Papers By M. Hintz (Considered By Some As Controversial)

M. Hintz has written many papers discussing his theories regarding peripheral levodopa therapy, and his views on carbidopa and novel alternative PD treatments. While his papers have caused some controversy, and even notable backlash, nevertheless I think they are worth examining. In particular, the cited references appear to point towards a deeper understanding of peripheral systems impacting PD.

Amino acid management of Parkinson’s disease: a case study
https://www.dovepress.com/amino-acid-management-of-parkinsonrsquos-disease-a-case-study-peer-reviewed-article-IJGM

Parkinson’s disease managing reversible neurodegeneration
https://www.dovepress.com/parkinsonrsquos-disease-managing-reversible-neurodegeneration-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

Parkinson’s disease-associated melanin steal
https://www.dovepress.com/parkinsonrsquos-disease-associated-melanin-steal-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

Relative nutritional deficiencies associated with centrally acting monoamines
https://www.dovepress.com/relative-nutritional-deficiencies-associated-with-centrally-acting-mon-peer-reviewed-article-IJGM

The discrediting of the monoamine hypothesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282597/

APRESS: apical regulatory super system, serotonin, and dopamine interaction
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157489/

The Parkinson's disease death rate: carbidopa and vitamin B6
https://www.dovepress.com/the-parkinson39s-disease-death-rate-carbidopa-and-vitamin-b6-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CPAA

citations:

1.	National Parkinson Foundation [webpage on the Internet]. What is Parkinson’s disease? Miami, FL: National Parkinson Foundation; 2014. Available from: http://www.parkinson.org/parkinson-s-disease/pd-101/what-is-parkinson-s-disease. Accessed July 19, 2014.
2.	Mayo Clinic [webpage on the Internet]. Diseases and conditions: Parkinson’s disease. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic; 2014. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/treatment/con-20028488. Accessed July 19, 2014.
3.	SINEMET CR (carbidopa and levodopa) tablet, extended release [prescribing information]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co, Inc.; 2014. Available from: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=69e575b9-f8a5-494f-b736-2520ef505cb0. Accessed July 1, 2014.
4.	US Food and Drug Administration [webpage on the Internet]. Drugs@FDA: FDA approved drug products. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration; 2014. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails. Accessed July 19, 2014.
5.	Airoldi L, Watkins CJ, Wiggins JF, Wurtman RJ. Effect of pyridoxine on the depletion of tissue pyridoxal phosphate by carbidopa. Metabolism. 1978;27(7):771–779.
6.	Hoyert DL, Heron MP, Murphy SL, Kung H. National Vital Statistics Report. Deaths: Final Data for 2003. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_13.pdf. Accessed July 1, 2014.
7.	Daidone F, Montioli R, Paiardini A, et al. Identification by virtual screening and in vitro testing of human DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31610.
8.	Andrews DW, Patrick RL, Barchas JD. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine on dopamine synthesis and release in rat brain striatal synaptosomes. J Neurochem. 1978;30(2):465–470.
9.	Awazi N, Guldberg HC. On the interaction of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine with dopamine metabolism in the rat striatum. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1978;303(1):63–72.
10.	Hinz M. Depression. In: Kohlstadt I, editor. Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. Baton Rouge, FL: CRC Press; 2009:465–481.
11.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. The dual-gate lumen model of renal monoamine transport. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:387–392.
12.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Amino acid management of Parkinson’s disease: a case study. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:165–174.
13.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Relative nutritional deficiencies associated with centrally acting monoamines. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:413–430.
14.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. APRESS: apical regulatory super system, serotonin, and dopamine interaction. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:457–463.
15.	Stein A, Hinz M, Uncini T. Amino acid-responsive Crohn’s disease: a case study. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2010;3:171–177.
16.	Hinz M, Stein A, Neff R, Weinberg R, Uncini T. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with monoamine amino acid precursors and organic cation transporter assay interpretation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:31–38.
17.	Hinz M, Stein A, Trachte G, Uncini T. Neurotransmitter testing of the urine: a comprehensive analysis. Open Access J Urol. 2010;2:177–183.
18.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. A pilot study differentiating recurrent major depression from bipolar disorder cycling on the depressive pole. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:741–747.
19.	Zhelyaskov DK, Levitt M, Udenfriend S. Tryptophan derivatives as inhibitors of tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo and in vitro. Mol Pharmacol. 1968;4(5):445–451.
20.	Ng LK, Chase TN, Colburn RW, Kopin IJ. Release of (3 H)dopamine by L-5-hydroxytryptophan. Brain Res. 1972;45(2):499–502.
21.	Stamford JA, Kruk ZL, Millar J. Striatal dopamine terminals release serotonin after 5-HTP pretreatment: in vivo voltammetric data. Brain Res. 1990;515(1–2):173–180.
22.	Ritvo ER, Yuwiler A, Geller E, et al. Effects of L-dopa in autism. J Autism Child Schizophr. 1971;1(2):190–205.
23.	Wuerthele SM, Moore KE. Studies on the mechanisms of L-dopa-induced depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mouse brain. Life Sci. 1977;20(10):1675–1680.
24.	Borah A, Mohanakumar KP. Long-term L-DOPA treatment causes indiscriminate increase in dopamine levels at the cost of serotonin synthesis in discrete brain regions of rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2007;27(8):985–996.
25.	Karobath M, Díaz JL, Huttunen MO. The effect of L-dopa on the concentrations of tryptophan, tyrosine and serotonin in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 1971;14(4):393–396.
26.	García NH, Berndt TJ, Tyce GM, Knox FG. Chronic oral L-DOPA increases dopamine and decreases serotonin excretions. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(5 Pt 2):R1476–R1480.
27.	Carta M, Carlsson T, Kirik D, Björklund A. Dopamine released from 5-HT terminals is the cause of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 7):1819–1833.
28.	Carta M, Carlsson T, Muñoz A, Kirik D, Björklund A. Serotonin–dopamine interaction in the induction and maintenance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Prog Brain Res. 2008;172:465–478.
29.	Everett GM, Borcherding JW. L-dopa: effect on concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in brains of mice. Science. 1970;168(3933):849–850.
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62.	National Parkinson Foundation. The National Parkinson Foundation’s Helpline Speaks: Lessons from the 2011 Sinemet Shortage. Miami, FL: National Parkinson Foundation; 2012. Available from: http://www.parkinson.org/Files/PDFs/NPF-Content-Documents/White-Papers/NPF466-_2011-Sinemet-Shortage_WhitePaper-_Full-art. Accessed July 1, 2014.
63.	Mones RJ, Elizan TS, Siegel GJ. Analysis of L-dopa induced dyskinesias in 51 patients with Parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1971;34(6):668–673.
64.	Chase TN. Serotonergic mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1972;27(4):354–356.
65.	Busch AE, Karbach U, Miska D, et al. Human neurons express the polyspecific cation transporter hOCT2, which translocates monoamine neurotransmitters, amantadine, and memantine. Mol Pharmacol. 1998;54(2):342–352.
66.	Mayeux R, Stern Y, Williams JB, Cote L, Frantz A, Dyrenfurth I. Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(6):756–759.
67.	Chan-Palay V, Höchli M, Jentsch B, Leonard B, Zetzsche T. Raphe serotonin neurons in the human brain stem in normal controls and patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and Parkinson’s disease: relationship to monoamine oxidase enzyme localization. Dementia. 1992;3(5–6):253–269.
68.	Charlton CG, Mack J. Substantia nigra degeneration and tyrosine hydroxylase depletion caused by excess S-adenosylmethionine in the rat brain. Support for an excess methylation hypothesis for parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol. 1994;9(1–3):149–161.
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Parkinson's disease: carbidopa, nausea, and dyskinesia
https://www.dovepress.com/parkinson39s-disease-carbidopa-nausea-and-dyskinesia-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CPAA

citations:

1.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Relative nutritional deficiencies associated with centrally acting monoamines. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:413–430.
2.	GenomeNet. Homo sapiens (human):1644. Available from: http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?hsa:1644+H01161+D00405+D00558+D01653+D03082+D08205. Accessed August 2, 2014.
3.	Mayo Clinic. Parkinson’s disease: treatments and drugs. 2014. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/treatment/con-20028488. Accessed August 2, 2014.
4.	Sinemet CR® [prescribing information]. Available from: http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_sinemet_cr.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2014.
5.	Daidone F, Montioli R, Paiardini A, et al. Identification by virtual screening and in vitro testing of human DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31610.
6.	Roche Australia. Madopar® [prescribing information]. Sydney: Roche Australia; 2010. Available from: http://www.roche-australia.com/content/dam/internet/corporate/roche/en_AU/files/central_nervous_agents/madopar-pi.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2014.
7.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Amino acid management of Parkinson disease: a case study. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:1–10.
8.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Validity of urinary monoamine assay sales under the “spot baseline urinary neurotransmitter testing marketing model”. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2011;4:101–113.
9.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. APRESS: apical regulatory super system, serotonin, and dopamine interaction. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;2011:7 1–7.
10.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. The dual-gate lumen model of renal monoamine transport. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:387–392.
11.	Stein A, Hinz M, Uncini T. Amino acid responsive Crohn’s disease: a case study. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2010;3:171–177.
12.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with monoamine amino acid precursors and organic cation transporter assay interpretation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:31–38.
13.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Urinary neurotransmitter testing: considerations of spot baseline norepinephrine and epinephrine. Open Access J Urol. 2011;3:19–24.
14.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Monoamine depletion by reuptake inhibitors. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2011;3:69–77.
15.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. The discrediting of the monoamine hypothesis. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:135–142.
16.	Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. 5-HTP efficacy and contraindications. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:413–430.
17.	Carta M, Carlsson T, Muñoz A, Kirik D, Björklund A. Serotonin-dopamine interaction in the induction and maintenance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Prog Brain Res. 2008;172:465–468.
18.	Mones RJ, Elizan TS, Siegel GJ. Analysis of L-dopa induced dyskinesias in 51 patients with parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1971;34:668–673.
19.	Chase TN. Serotonergic mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1972;27:354–356.
20.	Busch AE, Karbach U, Miska D, et al. Human neurons express the polyspecific cation transporter hOCT2, which translocates monoamine neurotransmitters, amantadine, and memantine. Mol Pharmacol. 1998;54:342–352.
21.	Mayeux R, Stern Y, Williams JB, Cote L, Frantz A, Dyrenfurth I. Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:756–759.
22.	Chan-Palay V, Höchli M, Jentsch B, Leonard B, Zetsche T. Raphe serotonin neurons in the human brain stem in normal controls and patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and Parkinson’s disease: relation to monoamine oxidase enzyme location. Dementia. 1992;3:253–269.
23.	Charlton CG, Mack J. Substantia nigra degeneration and tyrosine hydroxylase depletion caused by excess S-adenosylmethionine in the rat brain: support for an excess methylation hypothesis for parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol. 1994;9:149–161.
24.	UniProt. Search query results. Available from: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=pyridoxal+AND+organism%3A%22Homo+sapiens+%5B9606%5D%22&sort=score. Accessed July 4, 2014.
25.	Andrews DW, Patrick RL, Barchas JD. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine on dopamine synthesis and release in rat brain striatal synaptosomes. J Neurochem. 1978;30:465–470.
26.	Awazi N, Guldberg HC. On the interaction of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine with dopamine metabolism in the rat striatum arch. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1978;303:63–72.
27.	Zhelyaskov DK, Levitt M, Udenfriend S. Tryptophan derivatives as inhibitors of tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo and in vitro. Mol Pharmacol. 1968;4:445–451.
28.	Ng LK, Chase TN, Colburn RW, Kopin IJ. Research of [3H] dopamine by L-5-hydroxytryptophan. Brain Res. 1972;45:499–505.
29.	Stamford JA, Kruk ZL, Millar J. Striatal dopamine terminals release serotonin after 5-HTP pretreatment: in vivo voltammetric data. Brain Res. 1990;515:173–180.
30.	Ritvo ER, Yuwiler A, Geller E, et al. Effects of L-dopa in autism. J Autism Child Schizophr. 1971;1:190–205.
31.	Wuerthele SM, Moore KE. Studies on the mechanisms of L-dopa induced depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mouse brain. Life Sci. 1977;20:1675–1680.
32.	Borah A, Mohanakumar KP. Long-term L-DOPA treatment causes indiscriminate increase in dopamine levels at the cost of serotonin synthesis in discrete brain regions of rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2007;27:985–996.
33.	Karobath M, Díaz JL, Huttunen MO. The effect of L-dopa on the concentrations of tryptophan, tyrosine, and serotonin in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 1971;14:393–396.
34.	García NH, Berndt TJ, Tyce GM, Knox FG. Chronic oral L-DOPA increases dopamine and decreases serotonin excretions. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:R1476–R1480.
35.	Carta M, Carlsson T, Kirik D, Björklund A. Dopamine released from 5-HT terminals is the cause of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. Brain. 2007;130:1819–1833.
36.	Everett GM, Borcherding JW. L-DOPA: effect on concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in brains of mice. Science. 1970;168:847–850.
37.	Hinz M, Stein A, Cole T. Management of L-dopa overdose in the competitive inhibition state. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2014;6:93–99.
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